档案的整理方法与步骤英文

档案的整理方法与步骤英文

整理档案的方法是编号分类法，步骤共有七步，分别是收集、筛选、分类、确定、修缮、编号以及装盒并编制目录。

整理档案的具体步骤分为七步：第一步是收集，整理人需要将所有文件收集起来。第二步是筛选，整理人需要将收集的文件按照章程进行一定的筛选。第三步是划分文件的类别和级别，第四步是确定文件的保管期限，第五步是修缮文件的内容，整理人需要根据章程修缮文件缺失的内容。第六步是给文件编号，最后一步则是将文件装盒并且编制检索的目录。

档案整理的步骤

怎样整理档案

1、系统排列和编目

在正规的工作条件下，档案室主要接收文书部门和业务部门按照归档要求立好的案卷，档案馆主要接收机关档案室根据入馆要求整理移交的案卷。这样，档案室和档案室馆的档案整理工作，主要是对所接收的档案，在更大的范围内进一步系统地整理，如全宗和案卷的排列，案卷目录的加工等等。

2、局部调整

对于已经整理入馆、入室保存的档案，经过管理实践的检验或专门质量检查，档案馆和档案室需要对其中不符合要求的档案进行一定的加工以提高其质量;另一方面，某些档案材料由于保存的时间校长，其自身或档案整理体系发生了变化，因此也必须对其进行整理。

3、全过程整理

档案馆、档案室有时也接收和征集一些零散的文件，这就必须对档案进行全过程的整理工作，包括区分全宗、全宗内档案文件的分类、组卷、案卷排列、编定档号编制案卷目录、全宗档案的系统排放等。

整理过程

1、折叠整理“”按照一定原则对档案实体进行系统分类、组合、排列、编号和基本编目，使之有序化的过程。

2、折叠来源原则：把同一机构、组织或个人形成的档案作为一个整体加以管理的原则。

3、折叠档案实体分类：根据档案的来源、形成时间、内容、形式等特征对档案实体进行的分类。

4、折叠立档单位：构成档案全宗的国家机构、社会组织或个人。

5、折叠联合全宗：由两个或两个以上立档单位形成的互有联系不易区分全宗而作为一个全宗对待的档案整体。

6、折叠汇集全宗：由若干个文件数量很少且具有某些共同特征或联系的小全宗组成的作为一个全宗对待的档案整体。

7、折叠全宗群：由若干个具有时间、地区、性质等共同特征的全宗组成的群体.

8、折叠案卷：由互有联系的若干文件组合成的档案保管单位。

9、折叠立卷：将若干文件按形成规律和有机联系组成案卷的过程。

10、折叠卷内备考表：卷内文件状况的记录单，排列在卷内文件之后。

11、折叠档号：以字符形式赋予档案实体的用以固定和反映档案排列顺序的一组代码。

整理档案的工作流程的英语作文对话

你是要关于蜂鸟的英文对话？还是要关于蜂鸟的英文资料？
Hummingbirds are New World birds that constitute the family Trochilidae. They are among the smallest of birds, most species measuring in the 7.5–13 cm (3–5 in) range. Indeed, the smallest extant bird species is a hummingbird, the 5-cm bee hummingbird, weighing less than a penny (about 2.5g).

They are known as hummingbirds because of the humming sound created by their beating wings which flap at high frequencies audible to humans. They hover in mid-air at rapid wing flapping rates, typically around 50 times per second, but possibly as high as 200 times per second, allowing them also to fly at speeds exceeding 15 m/s (54 km/h; 34 mph),backwards or upside down.

Hummingbirds have the highest metabolism of any homeothermic animal.To conserve energy when food is scarce, they have the ability to go into a hibernation-like state (torpor) where their metabolic rate is slowed to 1/15th of its normal rate.

In traditional taxonomy, hummingbirds are placed in the order Apodiformes, which also contains the swifts. However, some taxonomists have separated them into their own order, Trochiliformes. Hummingbirds' wing bones are hollow and fragile, making fossilization difficult and leaving their evolutionary history poorly documented. Though scientists theorize that hummingbirds originated in South America, where there is the greatest species diversity, possible ancestors of extant hummingbirds may have lived in parts of Europe to what is southern Russia today.

There are between 325 and 340 species of hummingbird, depending on taxonomic viewpoint, divided into two subfamilies, the hermits (subfamily Phaethornithinae, 34 species in six genera), and the typical hummingbirds (subfamily Trochilinae, all the others). However, recent phylogenetic analyses suggest that this division is slightly inaccurate, and that there are nine major clades of hummingbirds: the topazes and jacobins, the hermits, the mangoes, the coquettes, the brilliants, the giant hummingbird (Patagona gigas), the mountain-gems, the bees, and the emeralds. The topazes and jacobins combined have the oldest split with the rest of the hummingbirds. The hummingbird family has the second greatest number of species of any bird family on Earth (after the tyrant flycatchers).

Fossil hummingbirds are known from the Pleistocene of Brazil and the Bahamas; however, neither has yet been scientifically described, and there are fossils and subfossils of a few extant species known. Until recently, older fossils had not been securely identifiable as those of hummingbirds.

In 2004, Dr Gerald Mayr of the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt am Main identified two 30-million-year-old hummingbird fossils and published his results in the journal Science. The fossils of this primitive hummingbird species, named Eurotrochilus inexpectatus ("unexpected European hummingbird"), had been sitting in a museum drawer in Stuttgart; they had been unearthed in a clay pit at Wiesloch–Frauenweiler, south of Heidelberg, Germany, and, because it was assumed that hummingbirds never occurred outside the Americas, were not recognized to be hummingbirds until Mayr took a closer look at them.

Fossils of birds not clearly assignable to either hummingbirds or a related, extinct family, the Jungornithidae, have been found at the Messel pit and in the Caucasus, dating from 40–35 mya; this indicates that the split between these two lineages indeed occurred at that date. The areas where these early fossils have been found had a climate quite similar to that of the northern Caribbean or southernmost China during that time. The biggest remaining mystery at the present time is what happened to hummingbirds in the roughly 25 million years between the primitive Eurotrochilus and the modern fossils. The astounding morphological adaptations, the decrease in size, and the dispersal to the Americas and extinction in Eurasia all occurred during this timespan. DNA-DNA hybridization results suggest that the main radiation of South American hummingbirds took place at least partly in the Miocene, some 12 to 13 million years ago, during the uplifting of the northern Andes.

In 2013, a 50-million-year-old fossil bird unearthed in Wyoming was found to be a predecessor to both hummingbirds and swifts before the groups diverged.